This standard applies to self-propelled seated rider operated variable reach trucks intended to handle loads of all kinds using one of the attachments listed in 3.10 - 3.11 - 3.13 - 3.14 - 3.15 - 3.16 - 3.19 - 3.20. It does not cover the lifting of persons by any attachments, in particular by work platforms. Machines with variable length load suspension elements (chains, ropes etc) from which the load may swing freely in all directions are not covered in this standard. It applies to the handling of series 1 freight containers of length 6 metres with the dimensional and securing characteristics as specified in ISO 668 and ISO 3874. For the purpose of this standard, self-propelled seated rider operated variable reach trucks (hereinafter referred to as "trucks") are counterbalanced lift trucks with one or more articulated arms, telescopic or not, non-slewing, as defined in 4.13.2.2.2 of ISO 5053:1987 used for stacking loads. The load handling means may be mounted directly on the lifting means or on an auxiliary mast fixed at the end of the lifting means. Lifting means shall be non-slewing or have slewing movement not greater than 5° either side of the longitudinal axis of the truck. Two types of variable reach trucks are covered in this standard: industrial trucks for operation on substantially firm smooth, level and prepared surfaces; rough terrain trucks for operation on unimproved natural terrain and disturbed terrain or areas. Trucks may be equipped with fork arms for normal industrial duties, or attachments for specific applications such as handling freight containers. Trucks may be equipped with stabilisers, axle locking or lateral levelling devices. This standard covers all specific hazards which could occur during operation and maintenance of trucks. For hazards occurring during construction, transportation, commissioning, decommissioning and disposal, reference should be made to EN 292-2. Unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer, the trucks are designed to operate in a temperature range of -20°C to +50°C. The manufacturer shall specify in his instructions for use the precautions to be taken when using the trucks at extreme temperatures.