This CEN/TS provides a design method for fasteners for structural purpose, which are used to transmit actions to the concrete. Inserts embedded in precast concrete elements during production, under FPC conditions and with the due reinforcement, intended for use only during transient situations for lifting and handling, are covered by the CEN/TR "Design and Use of Inserts for Lifting and Handling Precast Concrete Elements", by CEN TC 229. This CEN/TS is intended for applications in which the failure of fastenings will: 1) result in collapse or partial collapse of the structure, or 2) cause risk to human life, or 3) lead to significant economic loss. The support of the fixture may be either statically determinate or statically indeterminate, defined as multiple anchor use in some European Technical Approvals (ETAs). Each support may consist of one fastener or a group of fasteners. This CEN/TS is valid for applications which fall within the scope of the series EN 1992. In applications where special considerations apply, e. g. nuclear power plants or civil defence structures, modifications may be necessary. This CEN/TS does not cover the design of the fixture. The design of the fixture shall be carried out to comply with the appropriate Standards. Requirements for stiffness and ductility of the fixture are given in clauses 5 and 8. Type of fasteners and fastening groups This CEN/TS applies to a) cast-in fasteners such as headed fasteners, anchor channels with rigid connection between fastener and channel; b) post-installed anchors such as expansion anchors, undercut anchors, concrete screws, bonded anchors, bonded expansion anchors and bonded undercut anchors. For other types of fasteners modifications of the design provisions may be necessary. This CEN/TS applies to fasteners with established suitability for the specified application in concrete covered by provisions, which refer to this CEN/TS and provide data required by this CEN/TS. The necessary data are listed in Parts 2 to 5. NOTE Where there is no European Standard for a particular fastener which refers specifically to the use of this fastener or where the fastener deviates significantly from the European Standard, the establishment of suitability may result from: European Technical Approval (ETA) which refers specifically to the use of the fastener in concrete; relevant national standard or provision which refers specifically to the use of the fastener in concrete; documentation of the fastener should include the characteristic resistance of the fastener and consider effects influencing the reliability of fasteners both during installation and in service life under sustained and variable loads, as well as the sensitivity to possible deviations on any of the factors of importance. Factors to be addressed are: Installation conditions in concrete on site. Drilling method and drill bit diameter in case of post-installed fasteners. Bore hole cleaning. Installation tools. Sustained (long term) and variable loads on the fastener. Variable loads on the concrete structure (crack cycling). Crack width in the concrete structure. Environmental conditions such as air pollution, alkalinity, aggressive environment, humidity, concreteinstallation temperature, service temperature... Location of fasteners in the concrete component. Minimum dimensions of the structural component. In addition to the assumptions of EN 1992-1-1 it is assumed that both the design and execution of fastening systems in concrete structures is carried out by personnel having the appropriate skill and experience. This CEN/TS applies to single fasteners and groups of fasteners. In a fastening group the loads are applied to the individual fasteners of the group by means of a common fixture. In this CEN/TS it is assumed that in a fastening group only fasteners of the same type and size are used. The configurations of fasteners (cast-in place headed fasteners and post-installed fasteners) covered by this CEN/TS are shown in Figure 1. Distinction is to be made between fastenings with and without hole clearance. The following applications may be considered to have no hole clearance: a) bolts are welded to the fixture or screwed into the fixture, or b) any gap between the fastener and the fixture is filled with mortar of sufficient compression strength or eliminated by other suitable means; Key 1 Fastener 2 Steel plate a) Fastenings without hole clearance, all edge distances b) Fastenings with hole clearance situated far from edges c) Fastenings with hole clearance situated near to an edge a c1 < 10 hef or c1 < 60 dnom b c2 < 10 hef or c2 < 60 dnom Figure 1 - Configuration of fastenings with headed and post-installed fasteners For anchor channels the number of fasteners is not limited. Fastener dimensions and materials This CEN/TS applies to fasteners with a minimum diameter or a minimum thread size of 6 mm (M6) or a corresponding cross section. In general, the minimum embedment depth should be hef 40 mm. The actual value for a particular fastener might be taken from the relevant European Technical Specification. This CEN/TS covers metal fasteners made of either carbon steel (ISO 898), stainless steel (EN 10088, ISO 3506) or malleable cast iron (ISO 5922). The surface of the steel may be coated or uncoated. The fasteners may include non-load bearing material e. g. plastic parts. This document is valid for fasteners with a nominal steel tensile strength fuk 1000 N/mm2. The binding material of bonded fasteners may be made primarily of resin, cement or a combination of the two. In addition inorganic fillers may be used. Fastener loading Type of loading Loading on the fastenings may be static, cyclic (causing fatigue failure) and seismic. The suitability of the fastener type to resist either cyclic or seismic loading is stated in the relevant European Technical Specification. Direction of loading The loading on the fastener resulting from the actions on the fixture (e. g. tension, shear, bending or torsion moments or any combination thereof) will generally be axial tension and/or shear. When the shear force is applied with a lever arm a bending moment on the fastener will arise. Any axial compression on the fixture should be transmitted to the concrete either without acting on the fastener or via fasteners suitable for resisting compression (Figure 2). Key 1 concrete a), b) fasteners not loaded in compression; in Figure (a) the compression force is transferred by the fixture and in Figure (b) by the washer c) fasteners loaded in compression Figure 2 - Examples of fastenings loaded by a bending moment and a compression force Concrete strength This document is valid for members using normal weight concrete with strength classes in the range C12/15 to C90/105 all in accordance with EN 206-1. The range of concrete strength classes in which particular fasteners may be used is given in the relevant European Technical Specification and may be more restrictive than stated above. Concrete member loading If the concrete member is subjected to cyclic or seismic loading certain types of fasteners may not be allowed. This is stated in the corresponding European Technical Specification.